Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F... Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F...

Major depressive disorder in children

Depression is fast becoming one of the most widespread illnesses affecting the youth today. It is often described in layman’s terms as a condition in which a certain individual feels sadder than normal, as having the case of â€Å"the blues†, or of being uncharacteristically disheartened and miserable. However, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized as a psychological disorder wherein an individual is rendered incapable of removing himself or herself from a persistent sense of sadness and a lessened interest in all of his or her activities. These symptoms must persist for a period of no less than 2 weeks in order for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to be made. (Watt & Markham, 2005) Other symptoms of MDD include feelings of worthlessness, significant weight change, listlessness, thoughts of death. Watt & Markham (2005) posit that MDD has biological factors in its etiology in children. These involve genetic make-up and hormonal imbalance. Other factors contributing to MDD include psychological and environmental factors. Psychological factors may involve functions of learned helplessness, melancholia, and depressive character traits which all contribute to the eventual self-defeating way by which the child will view the world. Environmental factors include stressful life events such as the loss of a loved one or a child’s negative experience in one of the social roles he or she plays. Social roles in children often include those they have in their families and in school. Not being able to successfully fulfill these roles can again lead to self-defeating thoughts and to feelings of worthlessness in the child. Psychological, environmental and biological factors all play an equal role in contributing to a child’s eventual experience of MDD. It is most likely that all these factors are at play to a certain degree in a clinically depressed child. What is clear, however, is that the foundation of MDD in the depressive child’s life is far-reaching and broad. It stems from many different aspects of the child’s persona and as such affects all these aspects in turn. All three factors must be taken into consideration. However, because children are still in an unbalanced state of development, their psychological and biological states are still in a precarious condition. This renders Major Depressive Disorder in this age group closed to certain types of treatment for depression. Only a few types of treatment have been found to have efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms in children. And even then, these few treatments have not all been able to provide truly child-friendly ways of dealing with depression. One of the treatments for MDD, which has received much interest from researchers, is pharmacotherapy. This involves the intake of drugs, tricylcic antidepressants (TCA’s) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), to suppress and decrease the symptoms of MDD. However, it has been seen that most research findings conflict in presentation of efficacy of pharmacotherapy treatment for adolescents and prepubescent children. (Milin et al, 2003) Electroconvulsive therapy, which involves introducing an electric shock to the individual’s system, also has greater efficacy in treating MDD in adults. However, the application of this treatment on adolescents and prepubescent children proves to be problematic. (Milin et al, 2003) Numerous ethical issues must be considered before psychologists and psychiatrists can test electroconvulsive therapy on children. One of the safest and least dangerous treatments that are applicable to clinically depressive children is psychosocial therapy. This includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and family therapy. Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder, however, may not be limited to merely one type. Combinations of the different classes of treatment can be made in order to create a greater chance of improvement and recovery for the individual. (Milin et al, 2003) Combining CBT with antidepressant medication has shown results that prove the combination to be more effective in treating depression than simply applying one of the given treatments alone. (Rupke et al, 2006) Combining CBT with different psychosocial therapies such as family therapy, wherein the family is educated on the condition of the child, has also proven to be a much more effective treatment style. (Asarnow et al, 2002) Personally, I would choose to administer CBT over the other therapies because it provides the most flexibility in terms of addressing specific types of depression experienced by the individual. (Asarnow et al, 2002) In treating a child with MDD, individualization is essential. The treatment style that would best fit the child’s lifestyle and personality should be chosen. The CBT sessions will be fitted to match specific aspects of the child’s depression. The first step I would take would be to assess the child in terms of the type of depression he or she has. We would then pinpoint, together, the negative automatic thoughts he or she is prone to have. We would trace the specific situations and environments which lead him or her to this kind of negative thinking and to behavior characteristic of depression. Upon establishment of the child’s behavior patterns, goals for the CBT sessions will be set. To what extent does the child want to reduce his or her symptoms of depression? This will allow him or her to develop a sense of involvement in his or her own treatment. Having the child set his own goals gives him or her greater motivation to accomplish them. At first the child will be asked to simply monitor himself or herself by keeping a log of his or her behavior. The log will consist of the initially pinpointed negative thoughts and behaviors that the child has chosen to change. The instances he or she has pinpointed will also be monitored and kept in the log. The first 2 weeks of data in the log will serve as the baseline. The log will be assessed by the child with my guidance after baseline is set. He or she will be guided to acknowledge the cognitive distortions he or she makes in certain situations. These may include catastrophizing, black and white thinking, fortune telling and the like. These are maladaptive and only increase the child’s sense of misery, which is a chief characteristic of MDD. For example, if the child admits to always thinking that everything that goes wrong is his or her fault, he or she will be shown the irrational foundations of this belief. Afterwards, different ways of reacting and behaving will be conceptualized in order to replace the previous behavior and cognitions. The child will be guided to realize that external situations and individuals are outside his or her control but that the way he or she reacts, his or her perception of these events is what he or she can control. The log will be continued in order for the child and myself to monitor his or her progress. In it, he or she will also place details of assigned homework. Homework will involve practicing the new behaviors and way of thinking we devised together. This is essential to the CBT sessions. The bulk of the therapy’s success will rely on the child’s constant practice. Coping mechanism such as relaxation techniques, meditation and the like will be taught in order to assure continued progress in the child’s treatment from depression. These coping and relaxation mechanisms will also be assigned as homework. Later on, activities which the child previously avoided will be performed in the hopes of creating for the child a new schema. This will instill in the child a renewed self-confidence and a new self-image. Other social activities will also be pinpointed, in which the child will engage, as a means of reinforcing the positive schema he or she is gaining about himself or herself and the world. Family intervention therapy may also be an option should the child’s family want it. References Asarnow, J. R., Scott, C. V., & Mintz, J. (2002). A combined cognitive-behavioral family education intervention for depression in children: a treatment development study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 221-229 Rupke, S. J., Blecke, D., & Renfrow, M. (2006). Cognitive therapy for depression. American Family Physician, 73(1), 83-86 Walker, S., & Chow, J. (2003). Major depressive disorder in adolescence: a brief review of the recent treatment literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9),600-606 Watts, S. J., & Markham, R. A. (2005). Etiology of depression in children. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(3), 266-670   

The Red Guards During The Middle School - 1621 Words

â€Å"As one of the Red Guards in the middle school, I was given power through Mao to torture and humiliate our teachers, headmaster or anyone we didn’t like. I didn’t know it was wrong. I thought I was doing the right thing to continue the revolution, to fight and win the class struggle†- Zhao, Lin Qing. As a teenager Zhao was a Red Guard in Guangzhou during the Cultural Revolution. When asked what her impression was a member of the Red Guards, Zhao answered with two words: â€Å"naà ¯ve and senseless†. She refused answering anything more about her experience. She said, â€Å"The memories are still too painful to recall.† The Red Guards were a loosely constructed paramilitary movement initiated during the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. The first Red Guard unit was established in Beijing and quickly spread throughout China. The majority of the Red Guard members were young students in major cities. The original objective for the Red Guards was to overthrow and eliminate the â€Å"Old Four Chinese Customs†, â€Å"Old Four Groups† and â€Å"Counter-revolutionaries† who were hiding among the general public. The Red Guards targeted literature records, classical antique documents, museums, historical sites, intellectuals and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members who had been labeled as potential enemies of the â€Å"ongoing revolution†. The Red Guards participated in the political movement through interpreted themselves as the latest and purest fighters in the revolution. Their action was base onShow MoreRelatedRed Scarf Girl : Character Changes1679 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Outline: Red Scarf Girl, Character Change Essay - Introductory Paragraph: According to the Online Dictionary, the â€Å"Chinese Cultural Revolution† is defined as â€Å"a movement in China, beginning in the year 1966 and led by Mao Zedong, to restore the vitality of communism in China.† To begin, the Chinese Cultural Revolution performed a significant role in establishing the setting and conflicts in the novel of â€Å"Red Scarf Girl†. The setting of the story took place in the city of Shanghai, specificallyRead MoreEssay about The Chinese Cultural Revolution1689 Words   |  7 Pagespractically every aspect of Chinese society was in pandemonium. From 1966 through 1969, Mao encouraged revolutionary committees, including the red guards, to take power from the Chinese Communist party authorities of the state. The Red Guards, the majority being young adults, rose up against their teachers, parents, and neighbors. Following Mao and his ideas, The Red Guards main goal was to eliminate all remnants of the old culture in China. They were th e frontline implementers who produced havoc, usedRead MoreMao Zedong : Chinese Cultural Revolution868 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to Mao’s creation the Red Guard- an army of youths that would seek out dissenters from the Communist revolutionary regime. The Red Guard went through the urban central cities causing havoc and were later sent to the countryside for re-education. But what type of education were the youths in the Red Guard obtaining from their years of terrorizing the Chinese citizenry? Only that Mao was the greatest and what they learned from the political propagandist â€Å"little red book† that was created to indoctrinateRead MoreThe Great Leap Forward By Mao Zedong1410 Words   |  6 Pagesbasic theory of the socialism and erroneous decision. For catch up the American, the supreme leader of the Communist Party Mao Zedong set a course for the accelerated construction of communism by various means. The policy rate has been named the three red banners: the n ew General Line, The Great Leap Forward and People s Communes. â€Å"The Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong’s disastrous experiment in collectivized agricultural, killed some 30 million Chinese, perhaps more, between 1958 and 1962† (Mitter,Read MoreThe Great Leap Forward Is Well Known For The Failed Economic And Social Campaign961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Leap Forward is well-known for the failed economic and social campaign started by the Communist Party of China in between 1958 to 1961. The Communist triumph in China by mobilization of peasants and civilians to fend off Japanese military during World War II and the Nationalist soldiers in the civil war between 1946 and 1949. 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This passionate story paints a clear picture for what the Great Chinese Cultural Revolution was really like. Many Chinese living today can attest to similar if not identical ordeals as expressed in Ma Bo’s story. The toils of being a young Red Guard in inner China were experienced by many if not millions. The horrors and atrocitiesRead MoreEssay On Henry The Navigator1347 Words   |  6 Pageshimself, in the American Revolution. Lafayette was a great leader. For an example Lafayette leads a National Guard. The National Guard is a big middle class type of military service that was created to respond to the arrival of high class troops in Paris. The Guard group that Lafayette helped lead were one of the first groups to create a tri-colored badge. The colors in the badge were red, white, and blue. What blows my mind about this, is tha t Lafayette somewhat played a role in making the FrenchRead MoreRaw and Shawshank Redemptions Attitudes and Actions1434 Words   |  6 Pagesincapture a middle aged man who has been institutionalised for something which he didn’t do, where he goes through many experiences along the way. Scott Monk, the author of the book ‘Raw’, uses 1st and 3rd person to give a better perspective and interpretation to the readers. Raw is the story of a teenager named Brett Dalton who has been sentenced to 3 months at The Farm which is run by an old man named Sam and his wife, for a breaking and entering charge. Brett learns a lot about himself during his timeRead MoreThe Red Guards1793 Words   |  8 Pages The Red Guard strove to remove and destroy the Four Olds, foreign influence, enemies of the Party and the current societal structure by persecuting those who supposedly perpetuated them. All vestiges of outdated customs, habits, culture and ideas were to be destroyed, since the movement represented â€Å"a triumph of youth over age, of ‘the new’ over ‘the old.’† To do so, the Red Guard wrecked thousands of art collections and the contents of libraries, and changed â€Å"reactionary† street signs. They

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Health Information Technology Effect On Patient Care

Health Information Technology: Effect on Patient Care Introduction The prevalence of health information technology (HIT) has become very popular in the United States. This innovation continues to grow indicating no end and marks the current trend in the healthcare industry and will continue to play a major role in the later future. What impact does technology play on patient Care? According to Cliff, (2012) patient care technology is designed to meet the patients’ personal needs, values and preferences at the right time, for the right reason, in the right setting, and at the most affordable fee. There has been an ongoing controversy when it comes to patient care and technology. Some view it as beneficial in creating optimal patient†¦show more content†¦HIT allows healthcare providers the opportunity to improve patient care by securely utilizing and sharing of health information. Secure messaging protects others from viewing an encrypted private message between the patient and healthcare providers. Furthermore, emphasis was made on ho w utilizing EMR can allow providers to deliver a precise outline of patient’s medical evaluations, maintain appointment schedules by emails, propose follow-up information after an office visit/hospital stay on things like self-care instructions, reminders for other follow-up care, and links to web resources. EMR is proven to facilitate easy communication between providers and their patients, thereby detecting symptoms earlier. HIT uses a variety of electronic methods to maintain information about the health and medical care of individuals and groups of people (Cliff, 2012). Patient care technology has transformed the way nursing care is idealized and delivered. Before technology was introduced, nurses can monitor and detect changes in patients’ conditions through their senses of sight, touch, smell, and hearing. As time went by, the introduction of technology has taken the place of nurses’ intelligent efforts to detect physical changes in patient conditions (Powell-Cope, Nelson, Patterson, 2008). An example is the case of pulse oximetry. Before technology came into play, nurses trusted on theirShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Information Technology And The Healthcare Industry1452 Words   |  6 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE. Jude Alumuku, SEIS 605-07 Alum0001@stthomas.edu I. Introduction. II. Background Information A. What is Information Technology B. Information technology and the healthcare industry. C. Facts about Information technology and its application in Healthcare 1.0 Strategic Analysis – Industry. 1.1 Strategic Analysis – Competition III. Healthcare Information Technology Adoption, Quality and Costs IV. Problems With health Information technology V. 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The entire system has done a complete evolution from what it used to be and now the amazing technology, advances in medicine and health care economics are contributing factors to its rapid progression. We also need to remember that health care has become a booming business and patients have shifted into consumers changing the health care delivery models in a variety ofRead MoreBenefits Of Electronic Health Records1313 Words   |  6 Pagessurvey of doctors revealed the following key information: The percentage of the healthcare providers who reported that the electronic health records are readily available at the point of care is 94% and the percentage of the providers who stated that the electronic health records showed the clinical benefits is 88%. 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Computer physicians order entries helps in interdepartmental communication of key vital health information for soun d clinical judgment to be made on time on behalf of patients toRead MoreInformation Systems ( Inss )1537 Words   |  7 Pagesprogress in information technology, health care institutions are constantly confronted with the need to adapt to the resulting new processes of information management and use.[1] Nusing information systems(INSs) are promoted as a technology supporting collaboration and improving health care decision making at the point- of –care and ultimately health care outcomes. An NIS contains data collection and intetration functionality for nurses and could be used as a part of an electronic health record(EHR)Read MoreThe Elderly are Changing the Face of Health Care Essay598 Words   |  3 Pagesincreasing health care costs and health care services that are in great demand, the health care system is changing and it is a challenge in delivering health care to the elderly. Providing and financing health care services have factors to help improve care of the older Americans is to advocate and educate healthy living in health service community-based programs, improve and integrate long-term care such as home care and assisted living communities, improving medication, and using information technology

Duchamp’s Nude Ladies, Sexual Organs And `Morbid` Double Aesthetic Standards Free Essays

Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French artist whose ideas and works had a phenomenal influence on modern art forms. Though Duchamp’s work, ideas, and associations have been linked notably to Dadaism and also to Surrealism, his works could be considered to be very peculiar, and thus defies specific or typical categorisations. Art had a strong influence in Duchamp’s upbringing. We will write a custom essay sample on Duchamp’s Nude Ladies, Sexual Organs And `Morbid` Double Aesthetic Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now His maternal grandfather, Emile Nicolle, was a painter and engraver and Duchamp was exposed to his works from infancy. Two of his senior brothers were also artists – Jacques Villon (1875-1963) who was a painter and a printmaker, and Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), who was a sculptor. After schooling at the Lycee Corneille in Rouen, France, for seven years (aged 17), Duchamp decided to be an artist though he had showed impressive academic acumen in mathematics. Duchamp was influenced by various art movements. His early paintings while he schooled at Lycee Corneille were more aligned towards Post-Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism. Some of these works were drawings and watercolour paintings that showed his sister, Suzanne, in different poses. The work of Odilon Redon, a symbolist painter, also influenced Duchamp during his early years of painting. Though Redon’s works were not overtly unacademic, they were quite individualistic. Between 1904 to 1905 when Duchamp was studying at the Academie Julian, he drew and sold humorous cartoons that combined visual and verbal puns to create effect. Also, his association with his eldest brother’s (Jacques Villon) discussion group – the Puteaux Group – may have influenced the Cubist styles that featured in works like Coffee Mill (1911) and Portrait of Chess Players (1911). Read this – Puns in the Importance The Cubic depictions of overlapping frames and the use of multiple perspective featured in these paintings of Duchamp. The first work of Duchamp that caused a major stir and controversy in the art world was his painting – Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). It could be said to be the fist in a series of artworks that caused ‘explosive’ sentiments about his works – some of admiration and some of abhorrence. The painting depicted a mechanistic nude figure in motion. Cubic influences of fragmentation and synthesis featured prominently in this painting. Duchamp had first presented the painting for exhibition at the Cubist Salon des Independants in France but had to withdraw it, as he was not prepared to change the title of the painting as demanded by the jurists of the exhibition. The following year in 1913, the ‘Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2’ was featured in the Armory Show in New York City where is caused much controversy and became the focus of the exhibition. The New York Herald described it as a â€Å"cyclone in a shingle factory†. (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†, http://www. britannica. com/eb/topic-172862/Marcel-Duchamp) The ‘success’ in New York precipitated more exhibitions and works there and it was in New York that he became associated with Dadaism. Dadaism as an art form or movement, sort to present a radical way of liberating the individual from the confines of logic and reason. Hence, â€Å"Dada was spontaneous, contradictory and paradoxical; revolting against traditional social and artistic values. † (â€Å"Hsiu-Li Kuo†: 8) Duchamp himself, through his associations with Dadaism defined it as â€Å"the nonconformist spirit which has existed in every century, every period since man is man†. (quoted in Dada and Surrealism, 11) In pushing the boundaries of art beyond orthodoxy, Duchamp invented ‘ready-made art’. This entailed the use or presentation of everyday objects as a designation of art. Materials like wood, cardboard, nails, wire, paper, etc, were put together or assembled into sculptures. A typical example is Duchamp’s ‘Disturbed Balance’. The level of unconventionalism depicted in Duchamp’s work could be said to represent a ‘mockery’ of art. To Duchamp, the â€Å"significance of art was revealed in the act of making it, and this act should be able to critically challenge the existing value system. â€Å"Hsiu-Li Kuo†: 8) According to the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"His irreverence for conventional aesthetic standards led him to devise his famous ready-mades and heralded an artistic revolution. † (http://www. britannica. com/eb/topic-172862/Marcel-Duchamp) Based on his invented ‘ready-made art’ Duchamp came up ‘ Bicycle Wheel’ in 1913. This ready-made art featured a bicycle wheel that had been mounted on a stool. In 1914, Duchamp produced another ready made art – the ‘Bottle Rack’ – a signed bottle drying rack, and in 1915, he produced ‘Prelude to a Broken Arm’. (â€Å"Calvin Tomkins†) Perhaps, the ready-made art that shocked the art world the most was ‘Fountain’ produced in 1917. The ‘Fountain’ was a urinal presented as an artwork, with a signed pseudonym, R. Mutt. (â€Å"Calvin Tomkins†) This work was rejected from being exhibited by the Society of Independent Artists causing Duchamp to resign from its board. The exhibition committee had held that the ‘Fountain’ was not an art work hence their decision not to allow it to be exhibited. Evidently, Duchamp’s concept of art kept causing uproars due to the unconventionalism that had been a notable with his work since the ‘Nude Descending a Staircase, No. ’. However, the fact that He did not particularly associate himself with a particular art form even if he ‘borrowed’ from it portrays the level of individualism that typified his work. Duchamp was for instance noted to detest the seriousness of the Cubists and thus abstained from contributi ng to theoretical discussions on Cubism in his brother’s study group – the Puteaux Group. (â€Å"Calvin Tomkins†) The lack of an overt ‘seriousness’ or reverence with which he approached art is perhaps summed up in his assertion about art – â€Å"I’m afraid I’m an agnostic when it comes to art. I don’t believe in it with all the mystical trimmings. As a drug it’s probably very useful for many people, very sedative, but as a religion it’s not even as good as God. † (Quoted in The World of Marcel Duchamp, 10) Duchamp’s early association with cartooning and the use of visual and verbal puns could also be seen in works that he did in later life. This was perhaps most evident in his 1920s artistic collaborations with Man Ray. Working under the pseudonym Rrose Selavy, Duchamp posed in a series of photographs where he dressed as a woman. These photographs were taken by his collaborator, Man Ray. The pseudonym – Rrose Selavy – played on language to carry across an erotic message. Rrose Selavy sounded like Eros, c’est la vie in French which translated to English means Eros, such is life. After the 1920s, Duchamp became less interested in art in general and concentrated on chess though he was noted to be involved in staging of exhibitions with the Surrealists in the 1940s. In1942 for example, his exhibition at the First Papers of Surrealism show in New York, included a woven three dimensional web in a spaces within rooms. Duchamp’s last artwork was ‘Given: 1 The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas’. This artwork could only be viewed by peeping through a hole in a wooden door, and it depicted a naked woman lying on her back with her legs spread apart and her face covered. The woman holds a gas lamp in one hand with a landscape in the background. This work was done secretly and was its exhibition came as a surprise to the art world as Duchamp was thought to have retired. (â€Å"Calvin Tomkins†) It may be argued that this last work of Duchamp not only characterised him as one of the most famous modern artists, but also a daring one who pushed the philosophical and aesthetic boundaries of art beyond conventional orthodox conceptions. How to cite Duchamp’s Nude Ladies, Sexual Organs And `Morbid` Double Aesthetic Standards, Papers

Knowledge Engineering and Applications †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Engineering and Applications. Answer: Introduction The higher education in Australian system consists of the various private, independent and self governing public Universities that also includes the institutions that has an award for higher educational qualifications. The graduate attributes has received attention in the recent years that seeks the university to articulate and renew the various purposes. It may be claimed that with respect of the implementation in the attributes in the graduation there is a need for growing acceptance that will help in the proposition. It is considered the strongest evidence in their achievement for the explicit embedding in this assessment. In this report, the various needs for the business in order to make specific graduate attributes in the higher education system in Australia. The development in the graduate skills is required on a specific provision that appeals help them to foster in the context of the disciplinary learning that has to go beyond the curriculum. Going beyond the curriculum mapping and embedding the design that has an implementation on the various effective teachings that includes the strategic learning. The learning will help in the promotion and enhancement in the attribution of the graduates. The recent researches have been reoriented with the direction of the various researches that will help in moving beyond the curriculum mapping and its embeddiment (Kraut, 2017). It can be argued that there is a level of more emphasis that will be placed on the level of the graduation that has eventually developed and the acquired through the role of the learning strategies and the teachings that might be used by the instructors. There is a need to hold the qualitatively different views that needs to be learnt in terms of the customer outcomes and t heir achievement. The learner centered approach has been eventually located in various constructivist pedagogy that is considered as the best practices that is situated in the goals and the experience values of the students that needs to be at the center of the various learning process. As stated by Mulyana Yuningsih, (2017), through enhancement of the various cognitive and the affective development for the different procedures of the reconstruction and the construction. Some stated that the graduate assessment skills have no clue about the different causes that needs to be the outcomes of being measured (Kurtz, Silverman Draper, 2016). Graduate skills development The Australian University is one of those academic board statement that is based on the concerns of the graduate skills that demonstrates a varied and a wide range of capability and skills that needs to be articulated and embedded with the various courses of the business. With respect to the different assessments, there is a need to measure the different achievements of the students that has their learning skills attached to the attributes of the graduates that may affectively help in the teachings of the various leaning strategies (Neuner-Jehle, Grninger Schmid, 2016). There is a need for the normative framework that may reflect a shared rhetoric in the graduation skills that is clear from the reviews of the extant literature hat has been shared as the lack of the understanding of it. There is a need to include the various embediment of the enquiry-based approaches and their learning that has the structure of the effective learning. The key practices of the embiddement on the graduate skills are based on the disciplinary curricula. There is a need for consistent identification in the research of the high level graduate skills that is mostly developed in the context of the knowledge of the disciplinary (Sabee, 2016). There is a need to be embedded within the disciplinary curricula that needs to be addressed rather than the separation of the various strategies that can be easily divorced from the context of the discipline. The report that is of the different academic staff protest that has almost need for the creation of the different academic results that has a wide range of the different ability that needs the separation with the workshops. This debate can be found in the extant literature that is based on the pertaining powers of the specific graduate skills that has a critical thinking along with the ethical practice as to whether such skills can be embedded in the course or not. Song Lee, (2016) mentioned th at the strategies ranged from the acknowledgement that is regarded as the token in the form of the course outline that requires the inclusion of the accessibility in various tasks. These tasks can be in various forms that is made in the inclusion of the various accessibility in the group assignments that has their oral presentations that needs to be taking a call for the skills of the different students (Winoto, Chen Tang, 2016). There is a need to implement the gap between the parties linked with the various conflicting and the divergent ways of the conceptualization, that is based on the skills that are alos found in the academic staffs. There is also a need to state the notion of the graduation that is a very weak one that is based on the conceptualization and the theoretical base. As per Harris et al.(2014), it can be stated that the research work highlights the various inherent difficulties that is based on the implementation of the various good practice models that can be used for the development of the skills. But Hagemeier et al. (2014) stated that there is a need to identify the various institutional, the individual, and the departmental barriers that disseminated the information regarding what constitutes the good practices that may not be sufficient in ensuring the meaningful development. There will be no evidence about the embedding and the integration skills and their development that has been di fficult to operate effectively. Strategies and activities for enhancing the development As per the problematic analysis it can be identified that it is the best practice that helps in the designing the promotion and the enhancement of the various graduate skills that is in general. In particular there are the four skills that needs to be captured in the achievement process in case of the students that will help in generalization of the results and the practices of the assignment. There are various identifiable principles that can be shown in the activity design that may be included in the contested ideas of the pedagogy of the students that may be active and experimental. In case of the problem based learning that has a reflection authentication and the collaboration that has no sign of the best in the practice (Chaharsoughi, Ahrari Alikhah, 2014). As per Chua Chua (2017), it can be seen that there is a need for critical thinking that can be purposeful, self regulations on the judgment that helps in interpretation of the results that might have an inference and the evaluation. Divan Mason (2016) argued that the reviews of the critical thinking and their essentiality in the sectors of the critical thinking review in the literature form that may be termed as the usage of the critical thinking. The definition also attempts to exclude the creative thinking to describe the reflective and the description in the reasonable rate that helps to focus on the task and the people with their beliefs also. The critical thinking as per some stated that there is a need to highlight the attributes of the different incremental process that has their cognitive competencies as well as their ability. Brown (2016) defined that the critical thinking is not based on the involvement of the evaluation of the information but on the various concepts, tha t includes their analysis, conceptualization and the synthesis (Zhang eta l. 2017). Some of the researchers, academic staffs, and the high educational industry and the institutions that helps in the agreement in the critical thoughts that has the instruction that needs to be stated in terms of the societal consequences and the various learning of the individuals. Often it is stated that the critical thinking is based on the correct assessments of the statements (Abdullah et al., 2016). Later a modified definition is based on the reasonable effectiveness of the reflective thinking that is based on the corrections there is a need to elaborate on the various general statements that needs to be decided what to be believed and what not to. The critical thinking of the teachings is based on the different involvements of the perspectives that is based on the involvement of the students and their ability and their skills that is based on the pedagogic goal that needs to be transformed in the training period (Zentner, 2016). The framework is designed in the form of the promotional activities that is situated in the co operative theory of learning and the pedagogy. Zhang et al., (2017) stated that the co operative learning is the instructor that needs to be carried as a careful structure as a part of the learning experience that needs to be made on the specific decisions that is relatable to the goals of the assignment that has the structure and the size and the structure of the group . A note must be made on the different co operative and the collaborative learning that highlights the notion of the collaboration that is the underpinned one by the approach of the construction that needs to be learnt and should have a reflection (Divan Mason, 2016). There is a need to build the knowledge that has a co operative of the various ideas that needs to be shared but both the notions do not imply the attainment of the goals (Abdullah et al. 2016). Assumptions are made that is based on the unanimous consent of the various literature of the teamwork that has to be embedded in the curriculum that has to have a capability and competence power to also co operate with the various settings of the group (Chaharsoughi, Ahrari Alikhah, 2014). The assignments of the students are based on specially addressing the various developments of the team that has their goals that is unclear and has a management in the various inequalities and the conflicts. Conclusion In this report, the literature review has been explained that is based on the various needs of the business that can be considered as a specific graduate attribute in the higher education system of Australia. The various aspects of the higher education system have been mentioned that might affect the needs of the candidates in the business of their long term. Reference Abdullah, H., Alalyani, M., Andrade, M., Thomas, A. (2016). 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